{"id":3478,"date":"2015-04-15T17:40:54","date_gmt":"2015-04-15T17:40:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/journal.c2er.org\/?p=3478"},"modified":"2018-04-30T21:54:14","modified_gmt":"2018-05-01T01:54:14","slug":"economic-developers-ignore-the-glitz-focus-on-what-matters","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/journal.c2er.org\/2015\/04\/economic-developers-ignore-the-glitz-focus-on-what-matters\/","title":{"rendered":"Economic Developers: Ignore the Glitz! Focus on What Matters"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Churchill<\/a>Last month’s issue, “What the heck is going on in Local Economic Development<\/strong><\/em><\/a>\u00a01″ was very well-received. It seemed the better part of wisdom to follow up with a second issue on that topic. The core idea behind this series of articles is to help local economic developers navigate and function effectively within their communities–sort of on-the-job helpful\u00a0advice.\u00a0\u00a0The concepts are borrowed from a sub-discipline of political science, public policy-making, which studies how “policies” are developed, approved and implemented. The first issue<\/a> introduced the reader to elements of the local economic development context. In this issue, we deepen our understanding\u00a0of the Policy\/Practitioner World. Using\u00a0two concepts introduced in the\u00a0last month’s\u00a0issue<\/a> (“Strategies, Tools, and Programs” and the Policy and Practitioner Worlds”), we will also introduce a new concept: “the policy cycle”. That will be plenty for this month.<\/p>\n

Let’s tackle the new concept first so we can weave other elements into it. The Policy Cycle<\/strong> For our purposes, “policies” can be broadly defined to suit our purposes. Public policy-making, in the words of a classic textbook by James Anderson, involves getting things done which “involve conflict and struggle among people with conflicting interests, values and desires<\/em>” (p. 2). That covers a lot of territory, yet it pretty much hits our nail on the head. To be fair, Anderson and public policy-making both center on government and politics–and in most communities getting things done in economic development reaches into both government and politics. But no fear, all this does not get us into the Democratic\/Republican stuff or the Progressive\/Conservative stuff either. That will come in a later, much later issue. Essentially, getting something done is a “process”–a string of activities which culminate hopefully\u00a0in successfully getting your initiative accomplished and it’s hoped-for results actually achieved. That process is the “policy cycle”. Public policy-making breaks down this “getting something done process” into five discrete stages or phases. That is the “policy cycle”.<\/p>\n

\"The<\/a>

The only place to get great ideas<\/p><\/div>\n

The five stages are: (1) identify\/define the problem needed to be fixed, and get the issue\u00a0on the agenda\u00a0of decision-makers\u00a0relevant to\u00a0your initiative; (2) formulating or deciding\u00a0what\u00a0your initiative\/proposal will do,\u00a0design the elements of the program, and dealing with any alternatives to your proposal; (3) get your initiative approved or adopted by the decision-makers; (4) implementing the program or administration of your initiative to effectively accomplish its mission, strategy,\u00a0or purpose; and (5) evaluation–is the initiative actually accomplishing what it was intended to accomplish and if not what should be done about its deficiencies or how do we take it to the next step.<\/h4>\n

I suspect the policy cycle seems like commonsense to most readers, but don’t underestimate what the policy cycle implies. Simply coming\u00a0up with a great\u00a0idea (from a panel at a conference or blog, for example) and\u00a0trying to get it\u00a0started in your EDO can set you up for a career-ending disaster. I may sound naive, but success comes more often if the\u00a0program\/project\/initiative is soundly designed, professionally advocated, and consistently\u00a0implemented.\u00a0In any event, the policy cycle breaks down the different elements required to put together your initiative, get it approved, and then put it to work in a program or project. Since the first stage (problem identification and agenda-setting) is\u00a0complex, and\u00a0most crucial,\u00a0I suggest we leave discussion on this “stage” for another day and another issue. Included in this first stage is an economic development plan (it also overlaps with the second stage), and that is only one of several big-time elements. Let’s postpone the first stage for now.<\/p>\n

Today, I want to use concepts introduced in the first issue–Policy and Practitioner Worlds and\u00a0strategy, tools, and programs–and see how they\u00a0fit into the policy cycle.<\/p>\n

The Policy Cycle and the Policy World<\/strong><\/h3>\n

The Policy and Practitioner Worlds approach the policy cycle with different objectives and perspectives, but each tends to specialize or concentrate on specific policy stages. In this section, I will discuss how the Practitioner works with the Policy World in the early stages of developing an idea or initiative for your community. So let’s start by describing how things happen in a typical economic development organization. You might be surprised to know that numerically most Practitioner economic developers work in an EDO with five or less staff. Practitioners work, sad to say, in somewhat isolated settings, or\u00a0administer your program in a larger diversified department (a chamber, planning or development, for example)\u00a0or in the city manager’s\/mayor’s office. Not only are you likely to be more or less on your own, but you rarely come into contact with economic developers outside your community. There may be other communities down the interstate-but one hardly ever talks to them.<\/p>\n

In this atmosphere, ideas and initiatives usually are drawn from outside sources (or from your boss–ugh), and these\u00a0probably started from the latest\u00a0hot book, attending a conference panel, surfing the web, reading a blog, newspaper report or journal. Younger economic developers arriving new on the job\u00a0often are pre-programmed with their professor’s approach\/perspective or armed with a research project used for a seminar paper. Without you realizing it, by using these ideas the Policy World has intruded into the Practitioner World. Suggesting ideas and strategies is what the Policy World does best–at least they think so. It is likely by doing that you have let the Policy World handle key parts of the policy cycle’s\u00a0first stage–and that is potentially really bad news for you.<\/p>\n

A pure Policy World idea most likely is not ready for prime time in your community. Like water from a stream flowing down a mountain–you should boil it before you drink it.\u00a0Policy Worlders don’t live where you live; they\u00a0live in\u00a0an academic\u00a0discipline, economics for instance, or follow the guidelines of their profession, like planning. They usually are attacking some cosmic problem, and although they would be the last to admit it, their ideas strongly reflect a partisan and ideological value system. They hide all this behind math and statistics,\u00a0models and theory–all of\u00a0which prove conclusively their idea is brilliant. Questioning a statistical correlation is rather pointless conversation, so don’t even try. Policy World ideas are written in broad strokes. Their model or idea applies to and\u00a0can be used by everybody no matter city size, politics, state or economic base–one size fits all. Like a good pair of shoes, one needs to customize them to the world you live in.<\/p>\n

\"snakeoil\"<\/a> Although we have not talked about the first stage, problem definition, defining the problem in terms and situations that fit your community is essential. The Policy World person is thinking about a one size fits all for every community in the nation–not one that fits yours. Secondly, just\u00a0by bringing in a number of people and letting them participate in developing the idea builds support and buy in, which will be important in later stages. Handing someone a fiat accompli designed by someone else–not good. Opportunity wasted. Maybe the good idea will spawn an even better idea from someone else. Maybe someone will tell you they hate the idea and will fight it tooth and nail. It’s probably important to know that at the beginning. There’s a third problem, Policy Worlders think in terms of what I would call “strategies” (economic gardening is an excellent example). Economic gardening is not a program–it is not customized to your community–and, as shall be discussed below—may require tools (essential resources, specialized expertise, critical powers) not available within your EDO. In this case economic gardening may be a great strategy, but you have to do the dirty work and figure out specifically what they means for a program in your community.<\/p>\n

Again, the point I am trying to make is that Practitioners tend to get their ideas and program\/project innovations from external sources. The idea and its insight might be great, but Policy Worlders do not design programs. For the most part they are oblivious to the issues of program implementation. Their work is\u00a0more strategy-like, their action plan designed for a\u00a0power point and forty-five minute lectures–not for an unfriendly legislature or hostile tax payers. It doesn’t matter that the initiative really, really seems to be exactly what your community needs. Perhaps the bottom line to the Two Worlds and Policy Cycle\u00a0 relationship in the early stages of the policy cycle is the observation that the Policy World revolves around ideas, disciplines\/theories\u00a0and strategies–the Practitioner World orbits around people, institutions, tools, and processes–these are two different worlds. The two tied together can be powerful, but it doesn’t often happen by accident.It may be–but the Practitioner needs to have a serious conversation with herself, and others, before proceeding further. The initiative, the idea, needs to be customized to your policy cycle–and should be\u00a0rejected if\u00a0it is not likely\u00a0to make it successfully to the end. One should pick one’s battles thoughtfully. The consequences of failing can be serious indeed. Also, winning a bitter\u00a0too-divisive battle can create enemies who live to fight another day.<\/p>\n

If you really want to go ahead with the concept, than concentrate on formulating a proposal\/designing a program\u00a0that attacks real issues in your community and can make it through your community’s policy cycle.\u00a0 Essentially, we have outlined a way a Practitioner can take an idea\/initiative from the Policy World, but adapt it, customize it, and start bringing in others very early on to help meaningfully in starting the initiative. There are risks in this–but my experience is that sooner or later risks have to be dealt with anyway.<\/p>\n

Strategies, Tools and Programs: the elements of an successful initiative<\/strong><\/h2>\n

OK. Let’s move on to another subject. In the\u00a0last issue I introduced the distinction between strategy, tool and program. Let’s follow up on that and sharpen it a bit.<\/p>\n

In developing your initiative for\u00a0your community, the Practitioner might profit if she understands that the deal is to convert a strategy into a program—BUT–only if your EDO has access to the “tools” that are needed to successfully implement the program. Every strategy requires or relies on certain “tools” relevant to the strategies.\u00a0\u00a0Programs are how strategies get carried out, but programs fail or appear trivial to potential clients\/media\/decision-makers IF they are not believable. Possessing the right “tools” makes them believable. In this section, I want to concentrate on how important “tools” are–and provide the reader a better sense of just what a “tool” is and how does one get one’s hands on the tools needed to implement the strategy\/program.<\/p>\n

STRATEGIES:<\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Strategies are goal-oriented. Strategies often dominate an economic development plan. When the media calls for an interview, you usually will talk strategies with them. When your staff, legal counsel, or the client\u00a0walks in the room, however, no one talks strategy–you start talking “programese and toolese”. That is because strategies are calls to action which, at root, provide a rationale why and for whom you are engaging in an economic development activity. For example,\u00a0Business Retention is a common strategy–assist the firms already in your community and make sure (1) they don’t leave and (2) they prosper as best they can. \"Wordcloud\"<\/a> Notice that this definition is rather general. It doesn’t say which firms, when, or how to assist them–and it includes two competing definitions for retention (prosper and don’t leave).\u00a0 The strategy will not provide that kind of detail but will more than likely say why it is important to preserve your existing economic base–and build upon it (that’s the prosper).<\/p>\n

Strategies are meant to\u00a0be general. Strategies are important in the formulation stage for sure, but are even more important in stage one–problem identification and agenda-setting. Somewhere in the strategy you might want to say how the strategy addresses the problem everybody is worried about–and you may want to use wording and rationale to ensure that it gets noticed (favorably) by those that make the decision to go forward and those who are affected by it. In other words, strategies have purposes other than simple problem-solving. Simply saying that most new jobs are created by companies in your existing economic base may be true a good rationale for starting a\u00a0business retention program–but it is not the program. In other words, a strategy jump starts the initiative off,\u00a0motivates decision-makers and constituencies, and justifies the overall program.<\/p>\n

Strategies, therefore, are inherently “political”, “rhetorical”, “inspirational”–and they are linked to solving an acknowledged community problem. Without defining each, some of the most commonly used local economic development strategies are: business retention\/economic gardening\u00a0and attraction (often linked, but don’t have to be), business climate (usually at state level), tourism (or people attraction), physical development (greenfield) or redevelopment, physical infrastructure, workforce and skills development, small business and entrepreneurism. There are others, of course, but before you add to the list, wait until we finish this section–many readers will be tempted to add “programs” or even “tools” to the list, thinking they are strategies.<\/p>\n

TOOLS:<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Before we discuss programs, however, we next need to understand tools. A one-cylinder sports car is a lawnmower. Tools are the engine behind the strategy. A program without the horsepower invites laughter and cynicism. Your program follows from the tools you have available for use. So, you\u00a0decide on\u00a0a strategy, the next step is to figure out\u00a0what tools are needed to achievable whatever it is the strategy seeks to accomplish. Every strategy requires at least one tool, most more than one. Putting the program before the tool is literally putting the cart before the horse. Choosing a strategy involves a good understanding of what tools are essential to the strategy’s effective implementation. Absence of a tool relevant and essential to a strategy or program is a red light–stop right there and go onto the next project or find another strategy.<\/p>\n

The most common tools in use today are: tax abatement, guarantees and credits, bond issuance (both tax exempt and taxable), eminent domain, land use powers, authority to “write down” investment-asset,\u00a0industry\/sector\/management business expertise, a tourist destination or event, marketing expertise and credibility, asset (land and property) ownership\/management\/lease\/sale capacity, capital (as in revolving loan fund, venture capital, grant), available staff, construction management capacity, regulatory powers (essential to business climate), curriculum and relevant expertise (skills training or entrepreneurism), access to membership. ability to advocate policy effectively. A tool can be legal authority to own property. The search for tools necessary and\/or appropriate to your strategy and program ought to bring you back to really basic structural issues–not the mere “strengths and weaknesses” (SWAT) which usually go into program design. If you have no one with marketing skills on staff, do you really want to start an attraction program?<\/p>\n

The temptation is to use the tools at hand and try to make them fit the strategy. In that strategies usually require several tools, searching through available tools isn’t necessarily bad–but before you construct a program, you need to separate out the available tools to\u00a0determine if they don’t fit\u00a0into the strategy.\u00a0Next, figure out how you need to customize the tool in order to achieve the strategy. Some tools can’t easily be customized for all sorts of reasons, and that can make them inappropriate to\u00a0your strategy. For example, a tax abatement to a pizza restaurant only makes Mexican restaurants mad. Tax abatement really doesn’t work well for start ups, for example because most taxes are on profits and start ups usually don’t make a profit. So the tax abatement tool maybe be available but does not fit the clientele involved in the program–and customization may not be easy.<\/p>\n

Tools, and who operates the tools are vital to your strategy and structuring your program. A workforce EDO\u00a0could easily assume responsibility in their strategy for using tools (K-12 schools\/community college) controlled by others. Another example, a chamber is not going to engage in waterfront revitalization–it cannot acquire sites through eminent domain. One final example phrased in a question–should a government department attempt a business assistance strategy by itself?<\/p>\n

\"Hugo<\/a>

Hugo Grotius–Named Eminent Domain<\/p><\/div>\n

Some tools are powerful, but\u00a0are also quite controversial. Their use is likely to generate opposition, media attention\u00a0and even legal counteraction. Think eminent domain and tax abatement. Sometimes issuing tax exempt bonds can\u00a0cause a stir. No pain, no gain. Some strategies just don’t work without these powerful tools. You can talk about a strategy of waterfront revitalization and everybody cheers–and then you mention eminent domain and tax abatement and\u00a0the rats leave the sinking ship.\u00a0If you “control” the tool, understand how it is used, time frames involved, resources required–and the effect of all this on your decision-makers and constituents. If a powerful\/controversial tool is essential-don’t think you can bluff your way–plan on using it when necessary.<\/p>\n

If you don’t control a required tool, you need to identify who does and make them a partner. If you are a chamber,\u00a0and you want to start up\u00a0a business attraction program, like it or not, sooner or later, its\u00a0going to involve incentives such as tax abatement–which only your local government can approve. Your EDO in that instance does not control a necessary tool to close a major\u00a0attraction deal.\u00a0 In this case, you can gather all the leads you want,\u00a0but closing the deal is someone else’s job. Knowing that is essential in developing the program and measuring its success.<\/p>\n

Tools can be a double-edged sword. Tools often determine the occupational mix found on your EDO staff. If one wants to use eminent domain–better have access to lots of lawyers. Want to lend money? Banking and financial people are essential. Want to manage\/sell\/construct\/lease property–better have the right skills in your staff.\u00a0 The specialized skills associated with tools, however, can cut two ways–they can help you and hurt you. Not all bankers can operate a venture capital or equity program. A construction engineer used to dealing with trade unions in construction projects may not be suitable for other strategies. An EDO dominated one type of occupation essential to its primary tool may form its own “personality” and “bureaucratic style” that fits some strategies and programs better than others–think about the “soft” side of tools and how they fit into the program.<\/p>\n

When I said you should understand your tools, also understand that tools directly and indirectly can define your EDO and shape its operation, mentality, and behavior–and the perceptions of outsiders. EDOs are built around the tools they possess–I wasn’t kidding. Try adding a new tool to your EDO and see the problems that follow.<\/p>\n

Programs:<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Economic developers are familiar with programs. They are the meat and potatoes of our job. A program puts specificity into a strategy–and it should be constructed around tools you control or have firm agreements with other EDOs to access. So our business retention program will be targeted\u00a0for certain size or specific industry\/sector firms. It will involve a visitation program, a survey and inventory for a database, and will focus on a specialized loan fund whose terms and conditions are salient and attractive to the targeted firms. In this instance, the tools of (1) available staff with relevant expertise, (2) an appropriate RLF, (3)\u00a0a database capacity, and the (4) existence of targeted firms in your economic base (don’t laugh–cluster development implies targeting something you have little of). An attraction program involves media placement, advertising, database and information marketing capacity, maybe access to site selectors and industry groups, and a staff to qualify and process leads. It might help to possess an attractive product that somebody actually wants (i.e. your city). We will concentrate on programs in future months, but for now my message is that the program is last to be designed–after a\u00a0problem is identified, strategy chosen, tools identified.Then one figures out\u00a0the terms and\u00a0conditions, the eligibility, the collateral material,, etc. necessary to implement the initiative. Knowing your tools sets parameters for program design.<\/p>\n

So hopefully, the reader has a better idea of what’s a strategy, tool or program–now we ask ….<\/p>\n

How Do We Use this Stuff?<\/b><\/h2>\n

\"588px-AT_YOUR_OWN_RISK.svg\"<\/a> The ultimate utility of these concepts is that \u00a0they break down complex tasks (doing economic development in your community, starting a new initiative) into elements which can be structured and sequenced.\u00a0No one eats a pizza with one bite. These concepts\u00a0provide an “order” and a “perspective” so that things can make more sense. Using these concepts you can create a “system” and a process. You can “structure” your decision-making.<\/p>\n

It is obvious, different things happen at each stage and different “players” are important. So as we design a new initiative, it is, of course, logical to concentrate on what it takes to succeed in the stage du jour, but one should do so knowing what lies ahead. One can better see the bridges that one should not burn, and if one realizes that success of the initiative is not its mere passage or approval, but rather its successful implementation then dead-end streets (like starting a program without the necessary tools) should be avoided.<\/p>\n

So far, we have\u00a0stressed that our profession is quite diverse (Two Worlds) and that we don’t all see things from the same vantage point. In fact, we usually define economic development differently–and\u00a0economic developers\u00a0can be\u00a0their own worst enemies\/ best friends. It\u00a0might be\u00a0evident that the two worlds intersect unevenly at various points in the policy cycle. We\u00a0earlier learned that the Policy World, even without our realizing it, can dominate the early stages of the policy cycle (program definition and problem identification)–and that could be dangerous.<\/p>\n

Failure to place the Policy World strategy or idea in the context of your community\u00a0wastes opportunities and poorly defined\/designed programs fail to attack the problem as it manifests itself in your community. The Practitioner should not be led down the primrose path by the Policy World in the early stages of the policy cycle. It is critical that problems, strategies, and program design be customized to the needs and culture evident\u00a0in your community. I know I said this earlier, but repeating twice only means I need to repeat it once more. Customizing ideas and strategies to fit your community is what you get paid for. If the idea doesn’t seem like it will survive your community’s policy cycle–then see what can.<\/p>\n

A successful program is not one that secures a favorable newspaper article, but rather a program that works in the\u00a0implementation stage.\u00a0Effective Program design and a believable linkage to relevant definition of the community’s problem\u00a0are the minimum\u00a0required for successful implementation.\u00a0If you haven’t access to the right tools, don’t bother\u00a0with the strategy, however attractive it might be to you. Your first job is to gain access to the right tools. How do you gain access to the right tools, you ask? There are obviously several different ways. First, you can develop the tool. This is easiest if the tool is “expertise” based. If you want an effective small business counseling or entrepreneurial assistance program than hiring the right person\/people is the first step. They can help formulate an effective program with their expertise. If you can’t hire until you get post-approval funding, then borrow the expertise. But acquiring the expertise (tool) comes first.<\/p>\n

\"This<\/a>

This is my idea of an effective partnership!<\/p><\/div>\n

\"Humphrey_Bogart_and_Sydney_Greenstreet_in_Casablanca_crop\"<\/a>

This is NOT an Effective Partnership<\/p><\/div>\n

Some tools, usually the most powerful ones, however,\u00a0require state\/city council\u00a0approvals, and often generate legal battles and can involve judicial review. Eminent domain and some forms of bond issuance, tax abatement are examples of powerful, but controversial tools. A lot of these “powerful tool”\u00a0battles have already been fought, but it does alert the reader that trying to develop your own tool should involve your legal counsel or city attorney. Some types of EDOs may not possess the legal authority to operate property or lease it, or generate income through fees, or lend in the case of an RLF.\u00a0Tool acquisition can easily touch\u00a0upon your state’s not-for-profit law or IRS prohibitions. The point under discussion\u00a0is that having identified essential tools required to implement a desired strategy, you may discover that there are reasons why your agency does not have the tools.<\/p>\n

Perhaps the easiest way to acquire a tool is through partnership–a joint or multi-EDO initiative. Strategies usually require access to several tools–for example another key tool essential to an effective small business or entrepreneurial program (aside from small business expertise) is easy access to your customer–who when made aware of your initiative will see it in a positive light. A partnership with the chamber of commerce would convey legitimacy and provide access. This is why SBA programs try to work closely with chambers. The chamber might say no, however, particularly if you are a government agency with no visible access to appropriate expertise. They might say no just because they don’t like you. They might say no because the structure of the proposed partnership is ambiguous or unattractive. In any of these instances, it is better to have resolved these issues previous to your unilateral announcement that you have started some small business or entrepreneur program that may become marginal, isolated\u00a0and doomed to failure.<\/p>\n

Developing a tool is one thing, creating a tool quite another. For some strategies, tourism for example, creating a tool can be a wonderful strategy. An event, a farmer’s market, working with a not-for-profit to establish a historical site, or a winery are all examples of tool creation. An event, an historical site, or a tourist destination can be a tool of the tourism program.\u00a0An industrial park is a tool as well; so is setting up an RLF. In theory, creating a tool is a gift that keeps on giving, year in and year out. A tool can be expanded to serve many strategies, and grown in scale as well. In short, the absence of a tool is as much opportunity as problem.<\/p>\n

So once again we have mercifully arrived at the conclusion.<\/h3>\n

It is probably apparent at this early stage in developing our theme that much still has to be discussed. We are laying the foundations at this point and things are somewhat general and not especially glitzy. That is the point. The glitz in the profession is talking about strategies, devising new and exciting initiatives and programs which address the problem du jour which the Policy World alleges plague our communities. The profession is great at talking, and planning, and blogging, and starting new, bold and “relevant” programs and initiatives–that go no where and accomplish little–except diminish our profession in the eyes of the community we serve. The thrust of our article\/series is to move from the glitz–concentrate on making programs work–concentrate on developing programs that address concerns felt and experienced by your community. Let’s shift the profession from one dominated by strategizers and talkers, to one dominated by successful doers.<\/p>\n

\"Using<\/a>

Using Strategies Without Required Tools<\/p><\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The core idea behind this series of articles is to help local economic developers navigate and function effectively within their communities–sort of an on-the-job helpful advice. In this issue, we deepen our understanding of the Policy\/Practitioner World nexus building upon two elements introduced in the first issue. To penetrate more deeply into the local situation, we will also introduce a new concept: “the policy cycle”. The thrust of our article\/series is to move from the glitz–concentrate on making programs work–concentrate on developing programs that address community concerns. problems, and opportunities as they see and feel them.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[],"post_folder":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.c2er.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3478"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.c2er.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.c2er.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.c2er.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.c2er.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3478"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/journal.c2er.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3478\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3509,"href":"https:\/\/journal.c2er.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3478\/revisions\/3509"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/journal.c2er.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3478"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.c2er.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3478"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.c2er.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3478"},{"taxonomy":"post_folder","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/journal.c2er.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/post_folder?post=3478"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}